# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

"""
Data models for the Deis API.
"""

import base64
from datetime import datetime
import etcd
import importlib
import logging
import re
import uuid
import morph
from threading import Thread

from django.conf import settings
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError, SuspiciousOperation
from django.db import models
from django.db.models import Count, Max
from django.db.models.signals import post_delete, post_save
from django.dispatch import receiver
from jsonfield import JSONField
from OpenSSL import crypto
import requests
from rest_framework.authtoken.models import Token

from registry import publish_release
from api.utils import dict_diff, dict_merge, fingerprint, generate_app_name, app_build_type


User = settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


def close_db_connections(func, *args, **kwargs):
    """
    Decorator to explicitly close db connections during threaded execution

    Note this is necessary to work around:
    https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/22420
    """
    def _close_db_connections(*args, **kwargs):
        ret = None
        try:
            ret = func(*args, **kwargs)
        finally:
            from django.db import connections
            for conn in connections.all():
                conn.close()
        return ret
    return _close_db_connections


def log_event(app, msg, level=logging.INFO):
    # controller needs to know which app this log comes from
    logger.log(level, "{}: {}".format(app.id, msg))
    app.log(msg, level)


def validate_base64(value):
    """Check that value contains only valid base64 characters."""
    try:
        base64.b64decode(value.split()[1])
    except Exception as e:
        raise ValidationError(e)


def validate_id_is_docker_compatible(value):
    """
    Check that the ID follows docker's image name constraints
    """
    match = re.match(r'^[a-z0-9-]+$', value)
    if not match:
        raise ValidationError("App IDs can only contain [a-z0-9-].")


def validate_app_structure(value):
    """Error if the dict values aren't ints >= 0."""
    try:
        if any(int(v) < 0 for v in value.values()):
            raise ValueError("Must be greater than or equal to zero")
    except ValueError as err:
        raise ValidationError(err)


def validate_reserved_names(value):
    """A value cannot use some reserved names."""
    if value in settings.DEIS_RESERVED_NAMES:
        raise ValidationError('{} is a reserved name.'.format(value))


def validate_certificate(value):
    try:
        crypto.load_certificate(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, value)
    except crypto.Error as e:
        raise ValidationError('Could not load certificate: {}'.format(e))


def get_etcd_client():
    if not hasattr(get_etcd_client, "client"):
        # wire up etcd publishing if we can connect
        try:
            get_etcd_client.client = etcd.Client(
                host=settings.ETCD_HOST,
                port=int(settings.ETCD_PORT))
            get_etcd_client.client.get('/deis')
        except etcd.EtcdException:
            logger.log(logging.WARNING, 'Cannot synchronize with etcd cluster')
            get_etcd_client.client = None
    return get_etcd_client.client


class AuditedModel(models.Model):
    """Add created and updated fields to a model."""

    created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
    updated = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)

    class Meta:
        """Mark :class:`AuditedModel` as abstract."""
        abstract = True

    @property
    def _scheduler(self):
        mod = importlib.import_module(settings.SCHEDULER_MODULE)
        return mod.SchedulerClient(settings.SCHEDULER_URL,
                                   settings.SCHEDULER_AUTH,
                                   settings.SCHEDULER_OPTIONS)


class UuidAuditedModel(AuditedModel):
    """Add a UUID primary key to an :class:`AuditedModel`."""

    uuid = models.UUIDField('UUID',
                            default=uuid.uuid4,
                            primary_key=True,
                            editable=False,
                            auto_created=True,
                            unique=True)

    class Meta:
        """Mark :class:`UuidAuditedModel` as abstract."""
        abstract = True


class App(UuidAuditedModel):
    """
    Application used to service requests on behalf of end-users
    """

    owner = models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)
    id = models.SlugField(max_length=24, unique=True, null=True,
                          validators=[validate_id_is_docker_compatible,
                                      validate_reserved_names])
    structure = JSONField(default={}, blank=True, validators=[validate_app_structure])

    class Meta:
        permissions = (('use_app', 'Can use app'),)

    @property
    def select_app_name(self):
        """Select a unique randomly generated app name"""
        name = generate_app_name()
        while App.objects.filter(id=name).exists():
            name = generate_app_name()

        return name

    def save(self, **kwargs):
        if not self.id:
            self.id = generate_app_name()
            while App.objects.filter(id=self.id).exists():
                self.id = generate_app_name()

        return super(App, self).save(**kwargs)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.id

    def _get_job_id(self, container_type):
        app = self.id
        release = self.release_set.latest()
        version = "v{}".format(release.version)
        job_id = "{app}_{version}.{container_type}".format(**locals())
        return job_id

    def _get_command(self, container_type):
        try:
            # if this is not procfile-based app, ensure they cannot break out
            # and run arbitrary commands on the host
            # FIXME: remove slugrunner's hardcoded entrypoint
            release = self.release_set.latest()
            if release.build.dockerfile or not release.build.sha:
                return "bash -c '{}'".format(release.build.procfile[container_type])
            else:
                return 'start {}'.format(container_type)
        # if the key is not present or if a parent attribute is None
        except (KeyError, TypeError, AttributeError):
            # handle special case for Dockerfile deployments
            return '' if container_type == 'cmd' else 'start {}'.format(container_type)

    def log(self, message, level=logging.INFO):
        """Logs a message in the context of this application.

        This prefixes log messages with an application "tag" that the customized deis-logspout will
        be on the lookout for.  When it's seen, the message-- usually an application event of some
        sort like releasing or scaling, will be considered as "belonging" to the application
        instead of the controller and will be handled accordingly.
        """
        logger.log(level, "[{}]: {}".format(self.id, message))

    def create(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """Create a new application with an initial config and release"""
        config = Config.objects.create(owner=self.owner, app=self)
        Release.objects.create(version=1, owner=self.owner, app=self, config=config, build=None)

    def delete(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """Delete this application including all containers"""
        try:
            # attempt to remove containers from the scheduler
            self._destroy_containers([c for c in self.container_set.exclude(type='run')])
        except RuntimeError:
            pass
        self._clean_app_logs()
        return super(App, self).delete(*args, **kwargs)

    def restart(self, **kwargs):
        to_restart = self.container_set.all()
        if kwargs.get('type'):
            to_restart = to_restart.filter(type=kwargs.get('type'))
        if kwargs.get('num'):
            to_restart = to_restart.filter(num=kwargs.get('num'))
        self._restart_containers(to_restart)
        return to_restart

    def _clean_app_logs(self):
        """Delete application logs stored by the logger component"""
        try:
            url = 'http://{}:{}/{}/'.format(settings.LOGGER_HOST, settings.LOGGER_PORT, self.id)
            requests.delete(url)
        except Exception as e:
            # Ignore errors deleting application logs.  An error here should not interfere with
            # the overall success of deleting an application, but we should log it.
            err = 'Error deleting existing application logs: {}'.format(e)
            log_event(self, err, logging.WARNING)

    def scale(self, user, structure):  # noqa
        """Scale containers up or down to match requested structure."""
        if self.release_set.latest().build is None:
            raise EnvironmentError('No build associated with this release')
        requested_structure = structure.copy()
        release = self.release_set.latest()
        # test for available process types
        available_process_types = release.build.procfile or {}
        for container_type in requested_structure:
            if container_type == 'cmd':
                continue  # allow docker cmd types in case we don't have the image source
            if container_type not in available_process_types:
                raise EnvironmentError(
                    'Container type {} does not exist in application'.format(container_type))
        msg = '{} scaled containers '.format(user.username) + ' '.join(
            "{}={}".format(k, v) for k, v in list(requested_structure.items()))
        log_event(self, msg)
        # iterate and scale by container type (web, worker, etc)
        changed = False
        to_add, to_remove = [], []
        scale_types = {}

        # iterate on a copy of the container_type keys
        for container_type in list(requested_structure.keys()):
            containers = list(self.container_set.filter(type=container_type).order_by('created'))
            # increment new container nums off the most recent container
            results = self.container_set.filter(type=container_type).aggregate(Max('num'))
            container_num = (results.get('num__max') or 0) + 1
            requested = requested_structure.pop(container_type)
            diff = requested - len(containers)
            if diff == 0:
                continue
            changed = True
            scale_types[container_type] = requested
            while diff < 0:
                c = containers.pop()
                to_remove.append(c)
                diff += 1
            while diff > 0:
                # create a database record
                c = Container.objects.create(owner=self.owner,
                                             app=self,
                                             release=release,
                                             type=container_type,
                                             num=container_num)
                to_add.append(c)
                container_num += 1
                diff -= 1

        if changed:
            if "scale" in dir(self._scheduler):
                self._scale_containers(scale_types, to_remove)
            else:
                if to_add:
                    self._start_containers(to_add)
                if to_remove:
                    self._destroy_containers(to_remove)
        # save new structure to the database
        vals = self.container_set.exclude(type='run').values(
            'type').annotate(Count('pk')).order_by()
        new_structure = structure.copy()
        new_structure.update({v['type']: v['pk__count'] for v in vals})
        self.structure = new_structure
        self.save()
        return changed

    def _scale_containers(self, scale_types, to_remove):
        release = self.release_set.latest()
        build_type = app_build_type(release)
        for scale_type in scale_types:
            image = release.image
            version = "v{}".format(release.version)
            kwargs = {
                'memory': release.config.memory,
                'cpu': release.config.cpu,
                'tags': release.config.tags,
                'envs': release.config.values,
                'version': version,
                'aname': self.id,
                'num': scale_types[scale_type],
                'app_type': scale_type,
                'build_type': build_type,
                'healthcheck': release.config.healthcheck()
            }

            job_id = self._get_job_id(scale_type)
            command = self._get_command(scale_type)
            try:
                self._scheduler.scale(
                    name=job_id,
                    image=image,
                    command=command,
                    **kwargs
                )

                # Attach the platform specific application sub domain
                # scheduler.scale creates the required service on apps:create
                if not Domain.objects.filter(owner=self.owner, app=self, domain=self).exists():
                    Domain(owner=self.owner, app=self, domain=str(self)).save()

            except Exception as e:
                err = '{} (scale): {}'.format(job_id, e)
                log_event(self, err, logging.ERROR)
                raise
        [c.delete() for c in to_remove]

    def _start_containers(self, to_add):
        """Creates and starts containers via the scheduler"""
        if not to_add:
            return
        create_threads = [Thread(target=c.create) for c in to_add]
        start_threads = [Thread(target=c.start) for c in to_add]
        [t.start() for t in create_threads]
        [t.join() for t in create_threads]
        if any(c.state != 'created' for c in to_add):
            err = 'aborting, failed to create some containers'
            log_event(self, err, logging.ERROR)
            self._destroy_containers(to_add)
            raise RuntimeError(err)
        [t.start() for t in start_threads]
        [t.join() for t in start_threads]
        if set([c.state for c in to_add]) != set(['up']):
            err = 'warning, some containers failed to start'
            log_event(self, err, logging.WARNING)

    def _restart_containers(self, to_restart):
        """Restarts containers via the scheduler"""
        if not to_restart:
            return
        stop_threads = [Thread(target=c.stop) for c in to_restart]
        start_threads = [Thread(target=c.start) for c in to_restart]
        [t.start() for t in stop_threads]
        [t.join() for t in stop_threads]
        if any(c.state != 'created' for c in to_restart):
            err = 'warning, some containers failed to stop'
            log_event(self, err, logging.WARNING)
        [t.start() for t in start_threads]
        [t.join() for t in start_threads]
        if any(c.state != 'up' for c in to_restart):
            err = 'warning, some containers failed to start'
            log_event(self, err, logging.WARNING)

    def _destroy_containers(self, to_destroy):
        """Destroys containers via the scheduler"""
        if not to_destroy:
            return
        destroy_threads = [Thread(target=c.destroy) for c in to_destroy]
        [t.start() for t in destroy_threads]
        [t.join() for t in destroy_threads]
        [c.delete() for c in to_destroy if c.state == 'destroyed']
        if any(c.state != 'destroyed' for c in to_destroy):
            err = 'aborting, failed to destroy some containers'
            log_event(self, err, logging.ERROR)
            raise RuntimeError(err)

    def deploy(self, user, release):
        """Deploy a new release to this application"""
        existing = self.container_set.exclude(type='run')
        new = []
        scale_types = set()
        for e in existing:
            n = e.clone(release)
            n.save()
            new.append(n)
            scale_types.add(e.type)

        if new and "deploy" in dir(self._scheduler):
            self._deploy_app(scale_types, release, existing)
        else:
            self._start_containers(new)

            # destroy old containers
            if existing:
                self._destroy_containers(existing)

        # perform default scaling if necessary
        if self.structure == {} and release.build is not None:
            self._default_scale(user, release)

    def _deploy_app(self, scale_types, release, existing):
        build_type = app_build_type(release)
        for scale_type in scale_types:
            image = release.image
            version = "v{}".format(release.version)
            kwargs = {
                'memory': release.config.memory,
                'cpu': release.config.cpu,
                'tags': release.config.tags,
                'envs': release.config.values,
                'aname': self.id,
                'num': 0,
                'version': version,
                'app_type': scale_type,
                'build_type': build_type,
                'healthcheck': release.config.healthcheck()
            }

            job_id = self._get_job_id(scale_type)
            command = self._get_command(scale_type)
            try:
                self._scheduler.deploy(
                    name=job_id,
                    image=image,
                    command=command,
                    **kwargs)
            except Exception as e:
                err = '{} (deploy): {}'.format(job_id, e)
                log_event(self, err, logging.ERROR)
                raise
        [c.delete() for c in existing]

    def _default_scale(self, user, release):
        """Scale to default structure based on release type"""
        # if there is no SHA, assume a docker image is being promoted
        if not release.build.sha:
            structure = {'cmd': 1}

        # if a dockerfile exists without a procfile, assume docker workflow
        elif release.build.dockerfile and not release.build.procfile:
            structure = {'cmd': 1}

        # if a procfile exists without a web entry, assume docker workflow
        elif release.build.procfile and 'web' not in release.build.procfile:
            structure = {'cmd': 1}

        # default to heroku workflow
        else:
            structure = {'web': 1}

        self.scale(user, structure)

    def logs(self, log_lines=str(settings.LOG_LINES)):
        """Return aggregated log data for this application."""
        try:
            url = "http://{}:{}/{}?log_lines={}".format(settings.LOGGER_HOST, settings.LOGGER_PORT,
                                                        self.id, log_lines)
            r = requests.get(url)
        # Handle HTTP request errors
        except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
            logger.error("Error accessing deis-logger using url '{}': {}".format(url, e))
            raise e

        # Handle logs empty or not found
        if r.status_code == 204 or r.status_code == 404:
            logger.info("GET {} returned a {} status code".format(url, r.status_code))
            raise EnvironmentError('Could not locate logs')

        # Handle unanticipated status codes
        if r.status_code != 200:
            logger.error("Error accessing deis-logger: GET {} returned a {} status code"
                         .format(url, r.status_code))
            raise EnvironmentError('Error accessing deis-logger')

        # cast content to string since it comes as bytes via the requests object
        return str(r.content)

    def run(self, user, command):
        """Run a one-off command in an ephemeral app container."""
        if self.release_set.latest().build is None:
            raise EnvironmentError('No build associated with this release to run this command')
        # TODO: add support for interactive shell
        msg = "{} runs '{}'".format(user.username, command)
        log_event(self, msg)
        c_num = max([c.num for c in self.container_set.filter(type='run')] or [0]) + 1

        # create database record for run process
        c = Container.objects.create(owner=self.owner,
                                     app=self,
                                     release=self.release_set.latest(),
                                     type='run',
                                     num=c_num)
        # SECURITY: shell-escape user input
        escaped_command = command.replace("'", "'\\''")
        return c.run(escaped_command)


class Container(UuidAuditedModel):
    """
    Docker container used to securely host an application process.
    """

    owner = models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)
    app = models.ForeignKey('App')
    release = models.ForeignKey('Release')
    type = models.CharField(max_length=128, blank=False)
    num = models.PositiveIntegerField()

    @property
    def state(self):
        return self._scheduler.state(self.job_id).name

    def short_name(self):
        return "{}.{}.{}".format(self.app.id, self.type, self.num)
    short_name.short_description = 'Name'

    def __str__(self):
        return self.short_name()

    class Meta:
        get_latest_by = '-created'
        ordering = ['created']

    @property
    def job_id(self):
        version = "v{}".format(self.release.version)
        return "{self.app.id}_{version}.{self.type}.{self.num}".format(**locals())

    def _get_command(self):
        try:
            # if this is not procfile-based app, ensure they cannot break out
            # and run arbitrary commands on the host
            # FIXME: remove slugrunner's hardcoded entrypoint
            if self.release.build.dockerfile or not self.release.build.sha:
                return "bash -c '{}'".format(self.release.build.procfile[self.type])
            else:
                return 'start {}'.format(self.type)
        # if the key is not present or if a parent attribute is None
        except (KeyError, TypeError, AttributeError):
            # handle special case for Dockerfile deployments
            return '' if self.type == 'cmd' else 'start {}'.format(self.type)

    _command = property(_get_command)

    def clone(self, release):
        c = Container.objects.create(owner=self.owner,
                                     app=self.app,
                                     release=release,
                                     type=self.type,
                                     num=self.num)
        return c

    @close_db_connections
    def create(self):
        image = self.release.image
        kwargs = {'memory': self.release.config.memory,
                  'cpu': self.release.config.cpu,
                  'tags': self.release.config.tags,
                  'envs': self.release.config.values}
        try:
            self._scheduler.create(
                name=self.job_id,
                image=image,
                command=self._command,
                **kwargs
            )
        except Exception as e:
            err = '{} (create): {}'.format(self.job_id, e)
            log_event(self.app, err, logging.ERROR)
            raise

    @close_db_connections
    def start(self):
        try:
            self._scheduler.start(self.job_id)
        except Exception as e:
            err = '{} (start): {}'.format(self.job_id, e)
            log_event(self.app, err, logging.WARNING)
            raise

    @close_db_connections
    def stop(self):
        try:
            self._scheduler.stop(self.job_id)
        except Exception as e:
            err = '{} (stop): {}'.format(self.job_id, e)
            log_event(self.app, err, logging.ERROR)
            raise

    @close_db_connections
    def destroy(self):
        try:
            self._scheduler.destroy(self.job_id)
        except Exception as e:
            err = '{} (destroy): {}'.format(self.job_id, e)
            log_event(self.app, err, logging.ERROR)
            raise

    def run(self, command):
        """Run a one-off command"""
        if self.release.build is None:
            raise EnvironmentError('No build associated with this release '
                                   'to run this command')
        image = self.release.image
        entrypoint = '/bin/bash'
        # if this is a procfile-based app, switch the entrypoint to slugrunner's default
        # FIXME: remove slugrunner's hardcoded entrypoint
        if self.release.build.procfile and \
           self.release.build.sha and not \
           self.release.build.dockerfile:
            entrypoint = '/runner/init'
            command = "'{}'".format(command)
        else:
            command = "-c '{}'".format(command)
        try:
            rc, output = self._scheduler.run(self.job_id, image, entrypoint, command)
            return rc, output
        except Exception as e:
            err = '{} (run): {}'.format(self.job_id, e)
            log_event(self.app, err, logging.ERROR)
            raise


class Push(UuidAuditedModel):
    """
    Instance of a push used to trigger an application build
    """
    owner = models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)
    app = models.ForeignKey('App')
    sha = models.CharField(max_length=40)

    fingerprint = models.CharField(max_length=255)
    receive_user = models.CharField(max_length=255)
    receive_repo = models.CharField(max_length=255)

    ssh_connection = models.CharField(max_length=255)
    ssh_original_command = models.CharField(max_length=255)

    class Meta:
        get_latest_by = 'created'
        ordering = ['-created']
        unique_together = (('app', 'uuid'),)

    def __str__(self):
        return "{0}-{1}".format(self.app.id, self.sha[:7])


class Build(UuidAuditedModel):
    """
    Instance of a software build used by runtime nodes
    """

    owner = models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)
    app = models.ForeignKey('App')
    image = models.CharField(max_length=256)

    # optional fields populated by builder
    sha = models.CharField(max_length=40, blank=True)
    procfile = JSONField(default={}, blank=True)
    dockerfile = models.TextField(blank=True)

    class Meta:
        get_latest_by = 'created'
        ordering = ['-created']
        unique_together = (('app', 'uuid'),)

    def create(self, user, *args, **kwargs):
        latest_release = self.app.release_set.latest()
        source_version = 'latest'
        if self.sha:
            source_version = 'git-{}'.format(self.sha)
        new_release = latest_release.new(user,
                                         build=self,
                                         config=latest_release.config,
                                         source_version=source_version)
        try:
            self.app.deploy(user, new_release)
            return new_release
        except RuntimeError:
            if 'new_release' in locals():
                new_release.delete()
            raise

    def save(self, **kwargs):
        try:
            previous_build = self.app.build_set.latest()
            to_destroy = []
            for proctype in previous_build.procfile:
                if proctype not in self.procfile:
                    for c in self.app.container_set.filter(type=proctype):
                        to_destroy.append(c)
            self.app._destroy_containers(to_destroy)
        except Build.DoesNotExist:
            pass
        return super(Build, self).save(**kwargs)

    def __str__(self):
        return "{0}-{1}".format(self.app.id, str(self.uuid)[:7])


class Config(UuidAuditedModel):
    """
    Set of configuration values applied as environment variables
    during runtime execution of the Application.
    """

    owner = models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)
    app = models.ForeignKey('App')
    values = JSONField(default={}, blank=True)
    memory = JSONField(default={}, blank=True)
    cpu = JSONField(default={}, blank=True)
    tags = JSONField(default={}, blank=True)

    class Meta:
        get_latest_by = 'created'
        ordering = ['-created']
        unique_together = (('app', 'uuid'),)

    def __str__(self):
        return "{}-{}".format(self.app.id, str(self.uuid)[:7])

    def healthcheck(self):
        # Update healthcheck - Scheduler determines the app type
        path = self.values.get('HEALTHCHECK_URL', '/')
        timeout = int(self.values.get('HEALTHCHECK_TIMEOUT', 1))
        delay = int(self.values.get('HEALTHCHECK_INITIAL_DELAY', 10))
        port = int(self.values.get('HEALTHCHECK_PORT', 8080))

        return {'path': path, 'timeout': timeout, 'delay': delay, 'port': port}

    def save(self, **kwargs):
        """merge the old config with the new"""
        try:
            previous_config = self.app.config_set.latest()
            for attr in ['cpu', 'memory', 'tags', 'values']:
                # Guard against migrations from older apps without fixes to
                # JSONField encoding.
                try:
                    data = getattr(previous_config, attr).copy()
                except AttributeError:
                    data = {}

                try:
                    new_data = getattr(self, attr).copy()
                except AttributeError:
                    new_data = {}

                data.update(new_data)
                # remove config keys if we provided a null value
                [data.pop(k) for k, v in new_data.items() if v is None]
                setattr(self, attr, data)
        except Config.DoesNotExist:
            pass

        # verify the tags exist on any nodes as labels
        if self.tags:
            # Get all nodes with label selectors
            nodes = self._scheduler._get_nodes(labels=self.tags).json()
            if not nodes['items']:
                labels = ['{}={}'.format(key, value) for key, value in self.tags.items()]
                raise EnvironmentError(
                    'These tags do not match labels on kubernetes nodes: {}'.format(
                        ', '.join(labels)
                    )
                )

        return super(Config, self).save(**kwargs)


class Release(UuidAuditedModel):
    """
    Software release deployed by the application platform

    Releases contain a :class:`Build` and a :class:`Config`.
    """

    owner = models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)
    app = models.ForeignKey('App')
    version = models.PositiveIntegerField()
    summary = models.TextField(blank=True, null=True)

    config = models.ForeignKey('Config')
    build = models.ForeignKey('Build', null=True)

    class Meta:
        get_latest_by = 'created'
        ordering = ['-created']
        unique_together = (('app', 'version'),)

    def __str__(self):
        return "{0}-v{1}".format(self.app.id, self.version)

    @property
    def image(self):
        if not self.build.dockerfile and not self.build.sha:
            return '{}:v{}'.format(self.app.id, str(self.version))
        return '{}:git-{}'.format(self.app.id, str(self.build.sha))

    def new(self, user, config, build, summary=None, source_version='latest'):
        """
        Create a new application release using the provided Build and Config
        on behalf of a user.

        Releases start at v1 and auto-increment.
        """
        # construct fully-qualified target image
        new_version = self.version + 1
        # create new release and auto-increment version
        release = Release.objects.create(
            owner=user, app=self.app, config=config,
            build=build, version=new_version, summary=summary)
        try:
            release.publish()
        except EnvironmentError as e:
            # If we cannot publish this app, just log and carry on
            log_event(self.app, e)
            pass
        return release

    def publish(self, source_version='latest'):
        if self.build is None:
            raise EnvironmentError('No build associated with this release to publish')
        source_image = self.build.image
        if ':' not in source_image:
            source_tag = 'git-{}'.format(self.build.sha) if self.build.sha else source_version
            source_image = "{}:{}".format(source_image, source_tag)
        # If the build has a SHA, assume it's from deis-builder and in the deis-registry already
        deis_registry = bool(self.build.sha)
        if not self.build.dockerfile and not self.build.sha:
            publish_release(source_image, self.image, deis_registry)

    def previous(self):
        """
        Return the previous Release to this one.

        :return: the previous :class:`Release`, or None
        """
        releases = self.app.release_set
        if self.pk:
            releases = releases.exclude(pk=self.pk)
        try:
            # Get the Release previous to this one
            prev_release = releases.latest()
        except Release.DoesNotExist:
            prev_release = None
        return prev_release

    def rollback(self, user, version):
        if version < 1:
            raise EnvironmentError('version cannot be below 0')
        summary = "{} rolled back to v{}".format(user, version)
        prev = self.app.release_set.get(version=version)
        new_release = self.new(
            user,
            build=prev.build,
            config=prev.config,
            summary=summary,
            source_version='v{}'.format(version))
        try:
            self.app.deploy(user, new_release)
            return new_release
        except RuntimeError:
            if 'new_release' in locals():
                new_release.delete()
            raise

    def save(self, *args, **kwargs):  # noqa
        if not self.summary:
            self.summary = ''
            prev_release = self.previous()
            # compare this build to the previous build
            old_build = prev_release.build if prev_release else None
            old_config = prev_release.config if prev_release else None
            # if the build changed, log it and who pushed it
            if self.version == 1:
                self.summary += "{} created initial release".format(self.app.owner)
            elif self.build != old_build:
                if self.build.sha:
                    self.summary += "{} deployed {}".format(self.build.owner, self.build.sha[:7])
                else:
                    self.summary += "{} deployed {}".format(self.build.owner, self.build.image)
            # if the config data changed, log the dict diff
            if self.config != old_config:
                dict1 = self.config.values
                dict2 = old_config.values if old_config else {}
                diff = dict_diff(dict1, dict2)
                # try to be as succinct as possible
                added = ', '.join(k for k in diff.get('added', {}))
                added = 'added ' + added if added else ''
                changed = ', '.join(k for k in diff.get('changed', {}))
                changed = 'changed ' + changed if changed else ''
                deleted = ', '.join(k for k in diff.get('deleted', {}))
                deleted = 'deleted ' + deleted if deleted else ''
                changes = ', '.join(i for i in (added, changed, deleted) if i)
                if changes:
                    if self.summary:
                        self.summary += ' and '
                    self.summary += "{} {}".format(self.config.owner, changes)
                # if the limits changed (memory or cpu), log the dict diff
                changes = []
                old_mem = old_config.memory if old_config else {}
                diff = dict_diff(self.config.memory, old_mem)
                if diff.get('added') or diff.get('changed') or diff.get('deleted'):
                    changes.append('memory')
                old_cpu = old_config.cpu if old_config else {}
                diff = dict_diff(self.config.cpu, old_cpu)
                if diff.get('added') or diff.get('changed') or diff.get('deleted'):
                    changes.append('cpu')
                if changes:
                    changes = 'changed limits for '+', '.join(changes)
                    self.summary += "{} {}".format(self.config.owner, changes)
                # if the tags changed, log the dict diff
                changes = []
                old_tags = old_config.tags if old_config else {}
                diff = dict_diff(self.config.tags, old_tags)
                # try to be as succinct as possible
                added = ', '.join(k for k in diff.get('added', {}))
                added = 'added tag ' + added if added else ''
                changed = ', '.join(k for k in diff.get('changed', {}))
                changed = 'changed tag ' + changed if changed else ''
                deleted = ', '.join(k for k in diff.get('deleted', {}))
                deleted = 'deleted tag ' + deleted if deleted else ''
                changes = ', '.join(i for i in (added, changed, deleted) if i)
                if changes:
                    if self.summary:
                        self.summary += ' and '
                    self.summary += "{} {}".format(self.config.owner, changes)
            if not self.summary:
                if self.version == 1:
                    self.summary = "{} created the initial release".format(self.owner)
                else:
                    self.summary = "{} changed nothing".format(self.owner)
        super(Release, self).save(*args, **kwargs)


class Domain(AuditedModel):
    owner = models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)
    app = models.ForeignKey('App')
    domain = models.TextField(blank=False, null=False, unique=True)

    def _fetch_service_config(self, app):
        # Get the service from k8s to attach the domain correctly
        svc = self._scheduler._get_service(app, app).json()
        # Get minimum structure going if it is missing on the service
        if 'metadata' not in svc or 'annotations' not in svc['metadata']:
            default = {'metadata': {'annotations': {}}}
            svc = dict_merge(svc, default)

        return svc

    def _load_service_config(self, app, component):
        # fetch setvice definition with minimum structure
        svc = self._fetch_service_config(app)

        # always assume a .deis.io/ ending
        component = "%s.deis.io/" % component

        # Filter to only include values for the component and strip component out of it
        # Processes dots into a nested structure
        config = morph.unflatten(morph.pick(svc['metadata']['annotations'], prefix=component))

        return config

    def _save_service_config(self, app, component, data):
        # fetch setvice definition with minimum structure
        svc = self._fetch_service_config(app)

        # always assume a .deis.io ending
        component = "%s.deis.io/" % component

        # add component to data and flatten
        data = {"%s%s" % (component, key): value for key, value in list(data.items())}
        svc['metadata']['annotations'].update(morph.flatten(data))

        # Update the k8s service for the application with new domain information
        self._scheduler._update_service(app, app, svc)

    def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
        app = str(self.app)
        domain = str(self.domain)

        # get annotations for the service
        config = self._load_service_config(app, 'router')

        # See if domains are available
        if 'domains' not in config:
            config['domains'] = ''

        # convert from string to list to work with and filter out empty strings
        domains = [_f for _f in config['domains'].split(',') if _f]
        if domain not in domains:
            domains.append(domain)
        config['domains'] = ','.join(domains)

        self._save_service_config(app, 'router', config)

        # Save to DB
        return super(Domain, self).save(*args, **kwargs)

    def delete(self, *args, **kwargs):
        app = str(self.app)
        domain = str(self.domain)

        # get annotations for the service
        config = self._load_service_config(app, 'router')

        # See if domains are available
        if 'domains' not in config:
            config['domains'] = ''

        # convert from string to list to work with and filter out empty strings
        domains = [_f for _f in config['domains'].split(',') if _f]
        if domain in domains:
            domains.remove(domain)
        config['domains'] = ','.join(domains)

        self._save_service_config(app, 'router', config)

        # Delete from DB
        return super(Domain, self).delete(*args, **kwargs)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.domain


class Certificate(AuditedModel):
    """
    Public and private key pair used to secure application traffic at the router.
    """
    owner = models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)
    # there is no upper limit on the size of an x.509 certificate
    certificate = models.TextField(validators=[validate_certificate])
    key = models.TextField()
    # X.509 certificates allow any string of information as the common name.
    common_name = models.TextField(unique=True)
    expires = models.DateTimeField()

    def __str__(self):
        return self.common_name

    def _get_certificate(self):
        try:
            return crypto.load_certificate(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, self.certificate)
        except crypto.Error as e:
            raise SuspiciousOperation(e)

    def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
        certificate = self._get_certificate()
        if not self.common_name:
            self.common_name = certificate.get_subject().CN

        if not self.expires:
            # https://pyopenssl.readthedocs.org/en/latest/api/crypto.html#OpenSSL.crypto.X509.get_notAfter
            # Convert bytes to string
            timestamp = certificate.get_notAfter().decode(encoding='UTF-8')
            # convert openssl's expiry date format to Django's DateTimeField format
            self.expires = datetime.strptime(timestamp, '%Y%m%d%H%M%SZ')

        return super(Certificate, self).save(*args, **kwargs)


class Key(UuidAuditedModel):
    """An SSH public key."""

    owner = models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)
    id = models.CharField(max_length=128)
    public = models.TextField(unique=True, validators=[validate_base64])
    fingerprint = models.CharField(max_length=128)

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = 'SSH Key'
        unique_together = (('owner', 'fingerprint'))

    def __str__(self):
        return "{}...{}".format(self.public[:18], self.public[-31:])

    def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self.fingerprint = fingerprint(self.public)
        return super(Key, self).save(*args, **kwargs)


# define update/delete callbacks for synchronizing
# models with the configuration management backend

def _log_build_created(**kwargs):
    if kwargs.get('created'):
        build = kwargs['instance']
        # log only to the controller; this event will be logged in the release summary
        logger.info("{}: build {} created".format(build.app, build))


def _log_release_created(**kwargs):
    if kwargs.get('created'):
        release = kwargs['instance']
        # log only to the controller; this event will be logged in the release summary
        logger.info("{}: release {} created".format(release.app, release))
        # append release lifecycle logs to the app
        release.app.log(release.summary)


def _log_config_updated(**kwargs):
    config = kwargs['instance']
    # log only to the controller; this event will be logged in the release summary
    logger.info("{}: config {} updated".format(config.app, config))


def _log_domain_added(**kwargs):
    if kwargs.get('created'):
        domain = kwargs['instance']
        msg = "domain {} added".format(domain)
        log_event(domain.app, msg)


def _log_domain_removed(**kwargs):
    domain = kwargs['instance']
    msg = "domain {} removed".format(domain)
    log_event(domain.app, msg)


def _log_cert_added(**kwargs):
    if kwargs.get('created'):
        cert = kwargs['instance']
        logger.info("cert {} added".format(cert))


def _log_cert_removed(**kwargs):
    cert = kwargs['instance']
    logger.info("cert {} removed".format(cert))


def _etcd_publish_key(**kwargs):
    key = kwargs['instance']
    _etcd_client.write('/deis/builder/users/{}/{}'.format(
        key.owner.username, fingerprint(key.public)), key.public)


def _etcd_purge_key(**kwargs):
    key = kwargs['instance']
    try:
        _etcd_client.delete('/deis/builder/users/{}/{}'.format(
            key.owner.username, fingerprint(key.public)))
    except KeyError:
        pass


def _etcd_purge_user(**kwargs):
    username = kwargs['instance'].username
    try:
        _etcd_client.delete(
            '/deis/builder/users/{}'.format(username), dir=True, recursive=True)
    except KeyError:
        # If _etcd_publish_key() wasn't called, there is no user dir to delete.
        pass


def _etcd_publish_app(**kwargs):
    appname = kwargs['instance']
    try:
        _etcd_client.write('/deis/services/{}'.format(appname), None, dir=True)
    except KeyError:
        # Ignore error when the directory already exists.
        pass


def _etcd_purge_app(**kwargs):
    appname = kwargs['instance']
    try:
        _etcd_client.delete('/deis/services/{}'.format(appname), dir=True, recursive=True)
    except KeyError:
        pass


def _etcd_publish_cert(**kwargs):
    cert = kwargs['instance']
    _etcd_client.write('/deis/certs/{}/cert'.format(cert), cert.certificate)
    _etcd_client.write('/deis/certs/{}/key'.format(cert), cert.key)


def _etcd_purge_cert(**kwargs):
    cert = kwargs['instance']
    try:
        _etcd_client.delete('/deis/certs/{}'.format(cert),
                            prevExist=True, dir=True, recursive=True)
    except KeyError:
        pass


# Log significant app-related events
post_save.connect(_log_build_created, sender=Build, dispatch_uid='api.models.log')
post_save.connect(_log_release_created, sender=Release, dispatch_uid='api.models.log')
post_save.connect(_log_config_updated, sender=Config, dispatch_uid='api.models.log')
post_save.connect(_log_domain_added, sender=Domain, dispatch_uid='api.models.log')
post_save.connect(_log_cert_added, sender=Certificate, dispatch_uid='api.models.log')
post_delete.connect(_log_domain_removed, sender=Domain, dispatch_uid='api.models.log')
post_delete.connect(_log_cert_removed, sender=Certificate, dispatch_uid='api.models.log')


# automatically generate a new token on creation
@receiver(post_save, sender=User)
def create_auth_token(sender, instance=None, created=False, **kwargs):
    if created:
        Token.objects.create(user=instance)


_etcd_client = get_etcd_client()


if _etcd_client:
    post_save.connect(_etcd_publish_key, sender=Key, dispatch_uid='api.models')
    post_delete.connect(_etcd_purge_key, sender=Key, dispatch_uid='api.models')
    post_delete.connect(_etcd_purge_user, sender=User, dispatch_uid='api.models')
    post_save.connect(_etcd_publish_app, sender=App, dispatch_uid='api.models')
    post_delete.connect(_etcd_purge_app, sender=App, dispatch_uid='api.models')
    post_save.connect(_etcd_publish_cert, sender=Certificate, dispatch_uid='api.models')
    post_delete.connect(_etcd_purge_cert, sender=Certificate, dispatch_uid='api.models')
